NAD Nasal Spray Benefits: Boost Cognitive Acuity Today

Introduction to NAD Nasal Spray: A Breakthrough in Cognitive Health

NAD nasal spray represents a cutting-edge innovation in the pursuit of enhanced cognitive health and mental clarity. As a NAD booster, it works by delivering nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) directly through the nasal passage, allowing for faster absorption and more immediate effects. NAD, a coenzyme found in every cell of the body, plays a critical role in energy production and cellular repair. By replenishing this essential molecule, NAD nasal spray supports overall brain health, improves focus, and bolsters cognitive acuity.

Unlike traditional supplements, nasal administration bypasses the digestive system, resulting in improved bioavailability and quicker results. This makes it a preferred choice for those seeking rapid enhancement of mental function. NAD nasal spray is also commonly paired with complementary products, such as glutathione nasal spray, theanine nasal spray GABA, and kanna nasal spray theanine, which all contribute to a synergistic effect. These combinations can further support mental calmness, energy regulation, and neural recovery.

In addition to its cognitive benefits, NAD nasal spray is designed to align seamlessly with energy support protocols. Through its association with Vitamin B12, another critical compound for energy production, it provides a dual benefit of enhancing both physical energy levels and mental sharpness. This unique formulation addresses the increasing demand for natural yet effective solutions to combat mental fatigue and cognitive decline.

The innovation extends beyond just supporting mental clarity. Regular use of NAD nasal spray targets cellular health at its core, promoting mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress. This multi-faceted approach distinguishes it from other over-the-counter enhancers, offering users a scientifically backed alternative for improved well-being.

Understanding NAD: The Science Behind the Molecule

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a vital coenzyme found in every living cell, where it plays a fundamental role in energy production, cellular repair, and overall metabolic function. As the central player in the body’s energy cycle, NAD facilitates chemical reactions that convert nutrients into the energy necessary for physiological processes. For individuals leveraging NAD nasal spray as part of their wellness regimen, understanding this molecule illuminates why it serves as an essential NAD booster for cognitive clarity, focus, and vitality.

NAD exists in two main forms: its oxidized form (NAD⁺) and its reduced form (NADH). The balance of these forms supports vital biochemical pathways, such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Through these processes, NAD⁺ fuels mitochondria, the cell’s powerhouse, ensuring sustained energy support for both mental and physical activities. When NAD⁺ levels decline due to aging or stress, cognitive sharpness, energy, and cellular health may be compromised. This underscores the appeal of targeted interventions like NAD nasal spray to replenish reserves directly and efficiently.

Moreover, NAD works synergistically with other molecules. It complements compounds like glutathione, a master antioxidant delivered through options like glutathione nasal spray, to minimize oxidative damage. Similarly, NAD enhances neurotransmitter support derived from formulations such as theanine nasal spray GABA or kanna nasal spray theanine, fostering calmness and mental clarity.

Recent advancements also link NAD’s involvement to the regulation of sirtuins, proteins associated with aging, DNA repair, and stress resistance. Paired with key vitamins like energy support Vitamin B12, NAD optimization represents a cutting-edge approach to holistic brain and body health.

How NAD Nasal Spray Works: A Quick Overview

NAD nasal spray functions as a direct-path delivery system for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme essential for energy production and cellular regeneration. Unlike traditional oral supplements, which may lose potency during digestion, the nasal spray bypasses the gastrointestinal tract and directly enters the bloodstream via the nasal mucosa. This method ensures faster absorption and more immediate results, making it an efficient NAD booster for cognitive clarity and overall health.

Once introduced into the body, NAD plays a pivotal role in mitochondrial support, helping cells produce ATP—the primary source of energy for cellular functions. NAD nasal spray supports metabolic pathways, enhancing endurance and focus by replenishing diminishing NAD levels often associated with aging or stress. Moreover, it promotes neurological health by activating enzymes called sirtuins, which protect against oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to mental sharpness and cognitive enhancement.

Certain formulations of NAD nasal sprays may also include complementary ingredients such as glutathione nasal spray, which provides antioxidant support, or theanine nasal spray GABA, aimed at reducing stress while promoting relaxation. Other variants may incorporate energy support vitamin B12 to combat fatigue or kanna nasal spray theanine, which may heighten mood and calmness. These additives work synergistically with NAD to offer a comprehensive boost to brain health and energy levels.

The nasal spray delivery mechanism is particularly appealing for individuals seeking quick benefits without the need for injections or pills. By addressing depleted NAD levels efficiently, the spray enhances mental clarity, supports energy production, and sustains overall vitality. This targeted approach sets NAD nasal spray apart as a modern tool for optimizing cognitive and physical performance.

Key Benefits of NAD Nasal Spray for Cognitive Enhancement

NAD nasal spray has emerged as an innovative solution for enhancing cognitive function and mental clarity. Acting as a powerful NAD booster, it supports the brain’s energy metabolism, which is essential for improved focus, memory, and overall mental performance. By bypassing the digestive system through nasal delivery, NAD nasal spray ensures faster absorption and bioavailability, making it an efficient alternative to traditional supplements.

Enhanced Mental Clarity and Focus

One of the key benefits of NAD nasal spray is its ability to promote mental clarity. With consistent use, it helps improve decision-making, focus, and concentration. This makes it particularly valuable for individuals managing demanding workloads, studying, or facing cognitive fatigue. Additionally, it works synergistically with other supplements such as glutathione nasal spray and energy support vitamin B12 to elevate the brain’s efficiency during periods of high stress or fatigue.

Neuroprotection and Cellular Health

NAD is essential for maintaining healthy levels of cellular function. By providing critical neuroprotection, NAD nasal spray ensures the brain is shielded from oxidative stress and age-related cognitive decline. The supplementation of NAD can also support mitochondrial activity, which is vital for sustaining energy production, especially in brain cells. For those who value brain longevity, this nasal spray offers a holistic approach to preserving mental acuity over time.

Stress Reduction and Emotional Balance

When paired with supplements like theanine nasal spray GABA or kanna nasal spray theanine, NAD nasal spray can play a pivotal role in managing stress. These combinations promote a feeling of calmness and balance without sedation, encouraging a stable emotional state that contributes to optimal cognitive performance. By reducing the effects of stress, the supplements work to sustain consistent focus and productivity.

Fast-Acting Energy Boost

For anyone experiencing low energy levels that impact mental function, NAD nasal spray provides rapid support. Combined with the energy-enhancing properties of vitamin B12, it delivers a quick and effective boost to combat mental fatigue. This feature makes NAD nasal spray especially useful for those leading busy lifestyles or requiring peak cognition at critical times.

By enhancing clarity, protecting brain health, reducing stress, and supporting energy levels, NAD nasal spray stands out as a reliable tool for cognitive enhancement. Its rapid absorption and synergistic potential with other nasal sprays make it a versatile choice for those seeking to optimize their mental performance.

Improved Focus and Mental Clarity: A Closer Look

The use of NAD nasal spray has gained attention for its potential to enhance focus and cognitive clarity. NAD, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is a critical coenzyme found in every cell of the body, playing a pivotal role in energy production and cellular repair. When delivered through a nasal spray, this NAD booster allows for rapid absorption, helping users achieve sharper mental functioning and sustained concentration throughout the day.

One key factor contributing to mental fog is cellular stress and a decline in energy production within the brain. NAD nasal spray supports mitochondrial function, which directly impacts the brain’s ability to generate energy. This mechanism can lead to improved cognitive performance, allowing individuals to tackle demanding tasks with heightened mental endurance. The addition of complementary formulas, such as theanine nasal spray GABA and kanna nasal spray theanine, may further promote relaxation and focus by balancing neurotransmitter activity and reducing overactive stress responses.

Access to enhanced focus goes beyond the surface benefits of mental alertness. NAD nasal spray interacts with crucial cellular pathways, potentially reducing oxidative stress and fostering better neural communication. Similar products, like glutathione nasal spray, also contribute by combating oxidative damage, which can negatively impact mental clarity. Paired with energy-supporting compounds such as vitamin B12, these spray formulations deliver a comprehensive approach to promoting cognitive well-being.

For individuals seeking an edge in sustaining attention and mental precision, these nasal sprays are uniquely positioned. Whether used independently or combined with other supplements, NAD and its complementary boosts offer new possibilities for achieving clarity in both professional and personal spheres.

Supporting Brain Health and Neuroprotection with NAD

NAD nasal spray has gained attention for its potential to support brain health and provide neuroprotection. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) plays a pivotal role in cellular energy production and brain function. As a potent NAD booster, the nasal spray effectively delivers this coenzyme directly into the bloodstream via the nasal cavity, bypassing the digestive system for improved bioavailability. This offers enhanced cognitive support, promoting clarity and sharper mental acuity.

Research suggests that NAD plays a key role in maintaining mitochondrial health, which is crucial for optimal brain function. By protecting neuronal integrity and reducing oxidative stress, it supports long-term brain health. Additionally, NAD is essential for repairing DNA damage, preserving the delicate balance needed for neural communication. Combining NAD with complementary compounds like glutathione nasal spray or theanine nasal spray GABA enhances neuroprotective effects, offering synergy in reducing neuronal inflammation and shielding the brain from age-related decline.

The benefits of NAD are further amplified when paired with other cognitive enhancers. For instance, kanna nasal spray theanine may contribute to mood stabilization and stress reduction, while energy support vitamin B12 helps optimize energy metabolism within brain cells. These combinations provide an integrative approach to preserving cognitive function and protecting the brain against environmental stressors.

As the brain ages, natural NAD levels decline, making supplementation increasingly important. Regular use of NAD nasal spray can support neurodegeneration prevention by bolstering sirtuin activation, which is linked to longevity and cellular repair processes. Together, these benefits highlight the potential of NAD in maintaining robust cognitive health and resilience.

The Role of NAD Nasal Spray in Combating Fatigue and Brain Fog

NAD nasal spray has emerged as a promising solution for addressing fatigue and brain fog, conditions that often impair productivity and quality of life. As a potent nad booster, this innovative delivery method supports cellular energy production by promoting the body’s natural ability to generate Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+), a coenzyme essential for mitochondrial function. By enhancing cellular energy metabolism, the spray aids in alleviating physical and mental exhaustion.

Fatigue can result from a variety of factors, including stress, poor sleep, and nutritional deficiencies, and its consequences often extend to diminished cognitive sharpness. NAD nasal spray works synergistically with compounds like energy support vitamin B12, encouraging efficient energy use within cells. This process stimulates wakefulness and mental clarity, countering the sluggishness and difficulty concentrating that are hallmarks of brain fog.

The addition of supportive therapies like theanine nasal spray GABA or kanna nasal spray theanine further enhances the ability to tackle brain fog. Theanine, for instance, is known for promoting relaxation without drowsiness, while kanna delivers mood-enhancing properties. These complementary sprays can amplify the cognitive benefits of NAD by encouraging a calm, focused mind.

Other nasal spray formulations, such as glutathione nasal spray, also play a role by targeting oxidative stress, which is a contributing factor in fatigue and impaired cognitive function. Together, these sprays form a powerful toolkit for sustained mental and physical energy.

Through its rapid absorption and direct action, NAD nasal spray stands out as an efficient, non-invasive method to revive focus and vitality.

Comparing NAD Nasal Spray to Other Delivery Methods

NAD nasal spray has gained traction as a convenient and efficient method for delivering NAD boosters directly into the bloodstream. Compared to traditional methods like oral supplements or IV infusions, it offers unique advantages that cater to individuals seeking improved clarity, cognitive function, and energy support. The nasal spray mechanism allows active ingredients to bypass the digestive system, ensuring faster absorption through the nasal mucosa and into the central nervous system.

When examining oral supplements, one notable drawback is their reliance on the digestive process, which can degrade the potency of the compounds, including NAD, glutathione, or other cognitive enhancers such as theanine nasal spray GABA variants. In contrast, nasal sprays, including those with specific formulations like kanna nasal spray theanine blends, provide higher bioavailability by delivering the substances directly where they are needed most.

IV infusions, although effective in terms of absorption, require clinical settings, specialized equipment, and often significant time commitments. In comparison, the NAD nasal spray offers portability and ease of use, making it an ideal solution for those leading busy lifestyles. The nasal spray also eliminates the discomfort often associated with needles, while still providing a rapid method of administration.

Other nasal spray options, such as glutathione nasal spray, address oxidative stress, while energy support vitamin B12 sprays help boost stamina. Each has specific applications but shares the same benefit: efficient absorption. NAD nasal spray, uniquely, stands out for its ability to support cellular energy production and cognitive enhancement in one simple delivery format. Its non-invasive nature, combined with accessibility, positions it as a practical alternative to traditional delivery methods.

Potential Side Effects and Safety Considerations

While NAD nasal spray and other related formulations such as glutathione nasal spray, theanine nasal spray GABA, energy support vitamin B12 sprays, or kanna nasal spray with theanine, offer potential cognitive clarity and energy-boosting benefits, it is essential to consider possible side effects and safety implications. These products aim to enhance focus, energy levels, and mental sharpness, but their effects can vary among individuals.

Common Side Effects:

Users of NAD boosters like NAD nasal spray may experience mild adverse reactions, including:

• Nasal irritation: Due to direct nasal application, some individuals report a mild burning or tingling sensation in the nasal cavity.
• Headaches: Changes in cellular energy utilization or NAD levels may occasionally result in tension headaches for beginners.
• Fatigue or dizziness: For some, an imbalance can occur as the body acclimatizes to supplements aiming to enhance NAD activity.

Rare but Possible Reactions:

In rare cases, more pronounced side effects might occur, such as:

• Allergic reactions: Symptoms like nasal congestion, itching, or swelling could indicate a sensitivity to certain ingredients in formulations.
• Digestive disturbances: Though rare for nasal sprays, systemic absorption of certain compounds may lead to mild nausea.

Interaction and Precautionary Notes:

Those already taking supplements or medications, such as energy support vitamin B12 shots or other nootropic products, should consult with a healthcare provider to avoid potential interactions. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals and those with underlying medical conditions should exercise extra caution when using NAD nasal spray or similar products.

General Safety Guidelines:

• Ensure the nasal spray is administered as directed by professionals or according to manufacturer instructions.
• Avoid excessive use or combining multiple sprays (e.g., glutathione nasal spray, kanna nasal spray theanine) without guidance, as they could inadvertently amplify side effects.
• Monitor for any adverse reactions and discontinue use if symptoms persist or worsen.

By staying informed about potential impacts, users can maximize the potential benefits of NAD boosters while prioritizing safety.

Who Can Benefit Most from NAD Nasal Spray?

NAD nasal spray offers a wide range of potential advantages, particularly for individuals seeking to enhance mental clarity, energy levels, and overall wellness. By delivering NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) directly into the bloodstream through the nasal passage, it provides a fast and efficient way to support cognitive and physical function. Its targeted design makes it especially beneficial for specific groups of people.

1. Individuals Experiencing Cognitive Fatigue

Those struggling with mental fog or diminished focus may find NAD nasal spray to be a valuable resource. The spray acts as an NAD booster, supporting cellular energy production and enhancing brain function. It may help improve concentration and clarity, making it particularly appealing to professionals and students burdened with demanding mental workloads.

2. Adults Facing Age-Related Cognitive Decline

As people age, natural NAD levels decline, leading to lower cellular efficiency and cognitive challenges. NAD nasal spray, along with similar products such as glutathione nasal spray or kanna nasal spray theanine, is well-suited for individuals striving to combat the effects of aging by rejuvenating brain cells and protecting against oxidative stress.

3. Athletes and Active Individuals

Athletes and highly active individuals can benefit from the energy support provided by NAD nasal spray. As it aids in cellular repair and energy production, it supports physical recovery, sustains endurance, and enhances overall performance. Pairing it with other supplements, such as energy support vitamin B12 or theanine nasal spray GABA, can optimize these benefits.

4. Individuals Managing Chronic Stress

Those dealing with prolonged stress often experience depleted energy levels and reduced focus. NAD nasal spray, alongside complementary options like kanna nasal spray theanine, offers stress relief by supporting neurotransmitter balance and fostering a sense of mental calmness.

5. Biohackers and Wellness Enthusiasts

People invested in optimizing their health and longevity often turn to cutting-edge solutions like NAD nasal spray due to its ability to enhance brain function, cellular regeneration, and overall vitality. Exploring combinations with glutathione nasal spray or energy-enhancing formulas can further amplify these outcomes.

Whether addressing cognitive fatigue, age-related challenges, or an active lifestyle, NAD nasal spray presents a versatile and highly effective option for improving mental and physical well-being.

Tips for Incorporating NAD Nasal Spray into Your Routine

Introducing NAD nasal spray into your daily regimen offers an effective way to enhance mental clarity, support cognitive function, and boost energy. Whether used alongside other targeted sprays like glutathione nasal spray, theanine nasal spray GABA, or kanna nasal spray theanine, establishing a consistent routine ensures optimal benefits. Consider the following tips to maximize results and seamlessly integrate this NAD booster into your lifestyle.

1. Establish Consistency

• Use NAD nasal spray at the same time each day for steady results. Many users find it helpful to incorporate it into their morning routine to provide a mental and energy boost for the day ahead.
• If pairing with energy support vitamin B12 supplements or other functional nasal sprays, space out application as per product instructions to optimize absorption.

2. Follow Dosage Recommendations

• Adhere to the manufacturer’s dosage guidelines. Avoid exceeding the recommended sprays per day to prevent diminishing returns or potential side effects.
• Track responses to the spray to fine-tune your dosing schedule, especially if combining with complementary products like kanna nasal spray or theanine nasal spray GABA.

3. Pair with a Healthy Lifestyle

• Enhance cognitive benefits by combining NAD nasal spray with balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, and adequate sleep.
• Foods rich in antioxidants, such as berries and leafy greens, can synergize with the effects of supplements like NAD and glutathione nasal spray.

4. Store Properly

• Keep the spray in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight, to preserve its potency. Follow storage instructions provided on the label to maintain effectiveness.
• For convenience, place the spray where it’s easily accessible, such as in the bathroom or near morning essentials.

5. Track Progress

• Document changes in energy levels, clarity, and focus to assess the ongoing impact of NAD nasal spray. Mental or physical shifts can indicate the need for adjustments to your routine.

By thoughtfully incorporating NAD nasal spray into everyday habits, users can effectively harness its cognitive and energy-boosting benefits.

Scientific Studies and Evidence Supporting NAD Nasal Spray

NAD nasal spray has garnered significant interest due to its potential to promote cognitive acuity and overall well-being. Research supports its role as a powerful NAD booster, with studies highlighting its ability to optimize cellular energy production and brain function. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), the active molecule in these sprays, is crucial for mitochondrial energy metabolism, maintaining neuronal health, and supporting the body’s natural anti-aging processes.

One study, published in the journal Cell Metabolism, demonstrated the ability of NAD⁺ supplementation to restore declining NAD levels in aging subjects. This restoration led to improved mitochondrial function and enhanced cognitive clarity. Other evidence correlates NAD nasal spray with a more targeted delivery system compared to oral supplements, bypassing the digestive tract to achieve faster absorption and a quicker effect on cellular activity.

Additional research highlights the synergistic effects of using formulations such as glutathione nasal spray and theanine nasal spray GABA alongside NAD boosters. Glutathione, recognized as a crucial antioxidant, mitigates oxidative stress while preserving cellular health. Studies suggest that integrating glutathione with NAD⁺ amplifies energy support and neuroprotection. Similarly, theanine, coupled with GABA, is shown to reduce anxiety levels while promoting focus, creating a beneficial environment for enhanced cognitive performance.

Emerging evidence also supports combining NAD nasal spray with other formulations like kanna nasal spray theanine or energy support vitamin B12. Kanna is noted for its mood-enhancing properties, while vitamin B12 complements energy metabolism. Together, these compounds may create a more robust approach to brain health and vitality, with increased efficacy suggested by early clinical trials. Research remains ongoing, further affirming the potential of NAD nasal spray as a cutting-edge tool in cognitive and metabolic health management.

The Future of Cognitive Enhancement with NAD Therapies

The exploration of NAD therapies, including NAD nasal spray and related innovations, has opened transformative pathways in cognitive enhancement. As researchers continue to discover how NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) impacts brain function, these therapies are rapidly emerging as essential tools for improving mental clarity, focus, and overall brain health.

NAD+ is integral to various cellular processes, including energy production and DNA repair. When delivered through a nasal spray, this potent NAD booster bypasses the digestive system, ensuring faster absorption into the bloodstream and more direct access to brain cells. Such delivery systems are particularly valuable for individuals seeking improved cognitive focus, mood stabilization, and heightened clarity in a fast-paced world. The combination of NAD nasal sprays with other supplements, such as glutathione nasal spray or energy support vitamin B12, further amplifies these benefits, contributing to resilience against oxidative stress and improved mitochondrial function.

Emerging formulations, like theanine nasal spray GABA and kanna nasal spray theanine, provide promising adjunct therapies to complement NAD application. These compounds are known for their roles in calming the mind, supporting emotional balance, and reducing anxiety, making them ideal partners for NAD-based protocols. Together, they offer an integrated approach to address both cognitive enhancement and stress reduction.

Advances in NAD therapies are poised to become a cornerstone of nootropic innovation. With continuing research into their mechanisms and potential synergies, there is room for further refinement in formulations and applications. These cutting-edge therapies aim not only to bolster focus and memory but also to support long-term brain health, potentially altering the trajectory of age-related cognitive decline.

How to Get Started with NAD Nasal Spray Today

To incorporate NAD nasal spray into a daily routine, it is crucial to understand its application, potential benefits, and complementary options available. NAD nasal spray, a potent NAD booster, has gained popularity as a non-invasive solution to enhance cognitive clarity, energy levels, and overall mental performance. To begin, individuals should identify their goals—whether improving focus, combating fatigue, or elevating brain health.

The first step is sourcing the right product. It is essential to choose a reputable provider offering high-quality, pharmaceutical-grade NAD nasal spray. Research thoroughly and look for products tested for purity and efficacy. Some formulations combine NAD with additional boosters like theanine nasal sprays, GABA, or kanna nasal spray variants, which target relaxation and mood enhancement while fostering cognitive balance.

Once the product is secured, familiarize yourself with the proper usage instructions. Most sprays are designed for intranasal delivery, with recommended dosages outlined by the manufacturer. Consistency plays a key role, so users should integrate the spray into their routines for optimal results. Users may notice improved focus, greater clarity, and enhanced mental stamina with regular use.

For those seeking added benefits, exploring complementary nasal sprays like glutathione nasal spray or energy support vitamin B12 formulations can further amplify wellness impacts. These options target antioxidant support, immune health, and sustained vitality.

Lastly, consulting with a healthcare provider can provide guidance tailored to individual needs and health considerations. This ensures safe usage and effective integration of NAD nasal spray into a holistic wellness plan.

Conclusion: Unlocking Cognitive Potential with NAD Nasal Spray

NAD nasal spray represents a promising step forward in cognitive health and overall wellness, combining scientific advancements with user-friendly application methods. As an effective NAD booster, it plays a pivotal role in enhancing mental clarity, focus, and natural energy levels. This innovative delivery system bypasses traditional digestive pathways, allowing for direct absorption into the bloodstream, which may improve bioavailability and speed of action.

Beyond its foundational benefits, NAD nasal spray works synergistically with other cutting-edge formulas like glutathione nasal spray and energy support vitamin B12, enhancing antioxidant support and cellular energy production. These combinations contribute to reducing oxidative stress, improving mental stamina, and supporting neurotransmitter health. Users may also explore complementary options such as theanine nasal spray GABA for relaxation and kanna nasal spray theanine for improved mood and cognitive balance.

One of the notable advantages is its potential to replenish declining NAD levels, which are naturally associated with aging. NAD depletion is linked to reduced cellular function, impaired energy production, and cognitive slowdowns, making supplementation critical to maintaining mental sharpness as time progresses. This product offers a non-invasive, efficient alternative for individuals seeking to support brain function without the need for oral capsules or intravenous treatments.

The streamlined convenience of nasal administration ensures fast, efficient delivery. Combined with a well-rounded lifestyle that includes proper nutrition, hydration, and exercise, NAD nasal spray offers a powerful tool for those looking to cultivate sharper focus, sustained energy, and a sense of mental rejuvenation. With science-backed ingredients and compounded benefits, it holds significance in supporting peak cognitive performance.