Understanding NR and NMN: A Comprehensive Comparison for Lifespan Extension

Introduction to Lifespan Extension and Supplementation

Lifespan extension and supplementation have emerged as prominent topics, attracting both healthcare professionals and the general public. A multitude of strategies are being explored to not only extend lifespan but also improve the quality of life during those years. Recent research has highlighted the potential of certain supplements to promote healthy aging by targeting various biological processes. Central to these discussions is the use of NAD boosters like NR (Nicotinamide Riboside) and NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide), which play crucial roles in boosting cellular NAD+ levels, an essential coenzyme in metabolic processes.

NAD+ plays a pivotal role in numerous physiological functions, including DNA repair, energy metabolism, and circadian rhythms, making it an attractive target for lifespan extension interventions. From the application of NAD nasal sprays to the incorporation of sleep capsules and other supplements aimed at enhancing NAD+ levels, healthcare professionals continue to investigate these interventions’ effectiveness and safety.

With the growing interest in NAD+ boosting supplements, the market has seen an influx of products designed to enhance NAD+ levels. These range from oral supplements like NR and NMN to more innovative delivery methods such as NAD nasal sprays. These products aim to address the natural decline in NAD+ levels that accompanies aging, offering a potential solution for mitigating age-related diseases and promoting longevity.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about these supplements often revolve around their efficacy, differences, dosage, and optimal use. For healthcare professionals, understanding the nuances of these supplements—such as their bioavailability, mechanism of action, and clinical evidence—is crucial for providing informed recommendations to patients seeking to extend their healthy years.

Moreover, the role of lifestyle factors, including diet, exercise, and adequate sleep, cannot be overstated. Sleep capsules and other sleep-enhancing interventions are sometimes used to support holistic approaches to lifespan extension, recognizing that sleep quality significantly impacts overall health and longevity. Combining supplementation with lifestyle modifications offers a comprehensive strategy for those aiming to achieve and maintain optimal health through their senior years.

In summary, the field of lifespan extension through supplementation is rapidly evolving, with NAD boosters like NR and NMN at the forefront. Understanding these supplements’ mechanisms, benefits, and scientific backing is essential to leverage their potential fully.

What is Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)?

Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) is a naturally occurring form of vitamin B3, known for its role in enhancing cellular health and function. It has gained attention for its potential to act as an effective NAD booster, which is crucial in various biological processes. NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an essential coenzyme found in every cell, playing a key role in energy metabolism and the maintenance of healthy cellular functions.

NR is considered an NAD+ precursor, meaning it contributes to the body’s synthesis of NAD+. Healthcare professionals often recommend NR for its broad-spectrum benefits, which include promoting cellular repair, improving energy metabolism, and potentially extending lifespan. Nicotinamide Riboside’s role as an NAD booster has particularly garnered attention in the context of anti-aging research.

Benefits of Nicotinamide Riboside

1. Cellular Energy Production: NR enhances mitochondrial function, contributing to higher energy levels.

2. Cellular Repair Mechanisms: It supports DNA repair and maintains genomic stability.

3. Cognitive Function: NR may improve brain function and protect against age-related cognitive decline.

4. Metabolic Health: It assists in regulating metabolism and in combating metabolic disorders such as diabetes.

Forms and Administration

Nicotinamide Riboside is often found in various supplemental forms, including capsules and tablets. Recently, innovative delivery methods such as NAD nasal spray have been developed to enhance NR’s bioavailability. Each method offers different benefits and is chosen based on individual needs and professional healthcare advice.

Applications in Health

• Anti-Aging: NR is researched for its potential role in extending lifespan and preserving youthful functions.

• Sleep Improvement: Products like sleep capsules that contain NR have been shown to aid in improving sleep quality.

• General Wellness: NR is included in many health supplements designed for overall wellness, underscoring the compound’s broad applications.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Is NR safe for long-term use?

A: Current research suggests that Nicotinamide Riboside is safe for long-term use under healthcare professional guidance.

Q: Can NR supplements replace NAD nasal spray?

A: Both have their merits. NAD nasal spray may offer quicker absorption, while NR supplements provide a steadier release. Discuss with a healthcare professional for personalized recommendations.

Q: How is NR different from other NAD boosters?

A: NR is uniquely effective at crossing cellular membranes, making it highly efficient at increasing NAD+ levels compared to other NAD boosters.

Understanding Nicotinamide Riboside’s role in the body can guide informed choices about supplements and their potential in boosting overall health and longevity.

What is Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)?

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) is a molecule derived from ribose and nicotinamide, frequently discussed in the context of anti-aging and extending human lifespan. Found naturally in small amounts in certain foods, NMN plays a role in the body’s synthesis of NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), an essential coenzyme involved in various metabolic processes.

Healthcare professionals have been studying NMN for its potential to act as a NAD+ booster. Elevating NAD+ levels in cells is crucial because NAD+ plays a pivotal role in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and overall cellular health. Decreased NAD+ levels have been associated with aging and a host of age-related diseases, making NMN a subject of significant interest in both scientific and medical communities.

Key Functions

1. Enhancing Energy Metabolism: NMN contributes to the production of NAD+, a molecule vital for converting nutrients into cellular energy.
2. DNA Repair: As a precursor to NAD+, NMN aids in processes that repair cellular DNA, helping to maintain cellular integrity.
3. Gene Expression: NAD+ affects the function of sirtuins, a group of proteins involved in the regulation of cellular health and gene expression.

Forms of NMN Administration

• Oral supplements: These are the most common and involve taking NMN in pill or capsule form.
• Nad Nasal Spray: This newer method delivers NMN directly into the bloodstream through nasal mucosa, bypassing digestion.

Research and Development

• Animal Studies: Rodent models have shown promising results in lifespan extension and improved health parameters.
• Human Trials: Early human clinical trials are ongoing, with preliminary results indicating potential benefits in enhancing NAD+ levels.

Related Products

• NAD Boosters: These supplements aim to elevate NAD+ levels through various compounds, including NMN and NR.
• Sleep Capsules: Utilized by some to combat age-related decline in sleep quality, often containing NMN as a component.

FAQ

1. Is NMN safe for long-term use? Ongoing studies are evaluating its long-term safety profile.
2. How should NMN be stored? Typically, NMN should be stored in a cool, dry place away from sunlight.
3. Can NMN be taken with other supplements? Consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice.

Understanding the role of NMN as a NAD+ booster provides a path towards potential interventions in age-related decline and offers promising avenues for extending not just lifespan but health span.

Biological Mechanisms Behind NR and NMN

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) are both precursors to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a key coenzyme in cellular metabolism and energy production. For healthcare professionals, understanding the intricate mechanisms by which these compounds work is essential for assessing their potential as lifespan extension therapeutics, as well as for the development of NAD boosters like NAD nasal spray or sleep capsules.

NR and NMN follow distinct pathways for NAD+ synthesis:

1. NR Pathway:

   • Transport: NR is transported into cells via specific nucleoside transporters.
   • Conversion: Once inside the cell, NR kinase 1 (NRK1) phosphorylates NR to form NMN.
   • Final Step: NMN is subsequently converted into NAD+ by the enzyme NMN adenylyltransferase (NMNAT).

2. NMN Pathway:

   • Direct Uptake: NMN can be directly taken up by cells through specific transporters; however, it was previously thought NMN first had to be converted extracellularly to NR before cellular uptake.
   • Intracellular Use: Once inside, NMN is directly converted to NAD+ via NMNAT, bypassing the need for initial phosphorylation by NRK1.

The elevation in NAD+ levels has profound effects on cellular functions including:

• Energy Metabolism: NAD+ is crucial for oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production.
• DNA Repair: It activates sirtuins and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), enzymes critical for DNA repair and genomic stability.
• Cellular Stress Response: NAD+ modulates circadian rhythms and stress responses by influencing the activity of sirtuins.
• Mitochondrial Function: It stabilizes mitochondrial function by regulating key processes related to energy homeostasis.

Both NR and NMN also play roles in enhancing neuroprotection, reducing inflammation, and improving metabolic health, which are pivotal for aging and disease mitigation. For healthcare professionals, these NAD boosters may present viable options for managing age-related decline and extending healthy lifespan. Each compound, while ultimately enriching the body’s NAD+ pool, operates via unique molecular mechanisms, holding significant implications for their clinical applications.

Comparative Benefits of NR vs. NMN

Healthcare professionals often examine the comparative benefits of NR (Nicotinamide Riboside) and NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) to determine their efficacy as NAD boosters and their roles in lifespan extension.

Bioavailability

1. NR: Studies indicate a higher oral bioavailability for NR, allowing for more efficient absorption and utilization within the body.
2. NMN: Although NMN shows promising results, its bioavailability is less compared to NR, necessitating alternate administration methods for optimal absorption, such as NAD nasal spray.

Metabolic Health

• NR: Known to support metabolic health by increasing NAD+ levels, thus enhancing mitochondrial function. This improvement in cellular energy can have a direct impact on overall metabolic rates.
• NMN: Similarly increases NAD+ levels and supports mitochondrial health, but concurrent research suggests that the conversion process from NMN to NAD+ might encounter more rate-limiting steps.

Neurological Benefits

• NR: Emerging evidence shows NR plays a significant role in supporting cognitive function and neuroprotection, which may contribute to addressing neurodegenerative diseases.
• NMN: Also believed to offer neuroprotective benefits, though more clinical trials are warranted to fully understand its potential in this domain compared to NR.

Cardiovascular Health

• NR: Several studies underscore NR’s contribution to cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function and reducing arterial stiffness.
• NMN: Demonstrates similar cardiovascular benefits; however, the comparative impact between NR and NMN remains a topic of ongoing research.

Longevity and Lifespan Extension

• NR: Preclinical research has evidenced extended lifespan in animal models through enhanced cellular repair and stress resistance.
• NMN: Shows promising longevity benefits; however, the comparative literature on lifespan benefits between NR and NMN is still inconclusive.

Supplementation and Delivery Methods

1. NR:
   • Often available in oral supplements, including capsules and tablets.
   • Can be found in complex formulations combined with sleep capsules to enhance overall well-being.
2. NMN:
   • Available in various forms such as powder, capsules, and increasingly popular NAD nasal sprays which may offer superior absorption rates.

While both NR and NMN provide significant health benefits, the choice between the two may depend on individual health goals and conditions.

Bioavailability and Absorption: NR vs. NMN

Understanding Bioavailability and Absorption of NR and NMN is crucial for healthcare professionals. These factors significantly impact the efficacy of NAD+ boosters.

NR (Nicotinamide Riboside):

• Bioavailability: NR is known for its relatively high bioavailability. Once ingested, NR is rapidly converted into NAD+ within the body.
• Absorption: NR’s absorption primarily occurs in the small intestine. Additionally, current research suggests that NR’s bioavailability can be enhanced with co-factors and specific formulations.
• Forms: Available in various forms, including capsules and powders. However, newer delivery methods like NAD nasal spray are also being explored to bypass traditional absorption routes.

NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide):

• Bioavailability: NMN’s bioavailability is a subject of extensive research. While it converts to NAD+ at a rapid pace, there are variations in its uptake depending on the delivery method and formulation.
• Absorption: NMN is absorbed directly into the bloodstream through a specific transporter called Slc12a8. This discovery has important implications for NMN supplementation strategies.
• Forms: NMN is commonly found in capsules, powders, and sublingual forms. Emerging delivery methods are being tested to explore better absorption routes.

Key Comparisons:

1. Enzymatic Conversion: NR requires enzymatic conversion to NMN before forming NAD+, a multi-step process. NMN, on the other hand, can be more directly converted to NAD+.
2. Peak Levels: NR tends to show gradual increases in NAD+ levels, peaking hours after ingestion. NMN might potentially offer faster absorption, leading to quicker NAD+ peaks.
3. Mechanisms of Uptake: NMN benefits from a dedicated transporter, possibly offering superior bioavailability per dose compared to NR. However, NR might bypass this need through continuous conversion in the digestive tract.

The comparative study of NR and NMN’s bioavailability and absorption underscores the necessity for tailored approaches in NAD+ boosting strategies. Considering these properties, individuals may choose products such as sleep capsules to complement their overall health regimen effectively.

Safety and Side Effects: Analyzing NR and NMN

Understanding the safety profiles and potential side effects of nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is crucial for healthcare professionals considering these supplements as NAD boosters. Both NR and NMN have been studied extensively, but given their increasing popularity, it is essential to examine the most current data and reports from users, including specific FAQ sections and expert guidelines.

Safety Profiles

1. NR (Nicotinamide Riboside)

   • Clinical Trials: Several clinical trials have indicated that NR is generally well-tolerated. Most individuals do not experience severe side effects.
   • Common Side Effects: Mild side effects reported include nausea, fatigue, headaches, and gastrointestinal disturbances.
   • Dosage and Administration: Standard dosages typically range from 250 mg to 1,000 mg per day. Higher dosages should be administered with caution and under professional supervision.

2. NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide)

   • Clinical Trials: Like NR, NMN has demonstrated a favorable safety profile in human trials.
   • Common Side Effects: Possible side effects include mild gastrointestinal issues, such as bloating and diarrhea.
   • Dosage and Administration: Commonly administered dosages range from 250 mg to 500 mg daily. Adjustments may be necessary based on individual responses and professional advice.

Considerations for Specific Populations

• Elderly: As both NR and NMN are often used for lifespan extension, elderly populations may require tailored dosages.
• Comorbid Conditions: Those with chronic illnesses or taking multiple medications should consult healthcare professionals before use.

Interactions with Other Forms

• NAD Nasal Spray: Incorporating NR or NMN with NAD nasal spray could enhance NAD levels. However, potential interactions should be monitored closely.
• Sleep Capsules: Combining NR or NMN with sleep capsules generally appears safe, yet users should be cautious of overlapping side effects.

Healthcare Professional Guidelines

• Healthcare providers should advise patients on appropriate usage based on individual health profiles.
• Monitoring for side effects and adjusting dosages as needed ensures safety.
• Continued research and data collection is recommended to refine guidelines.

Understanding safety and side effects remains vital for anyone considering NR and NMN as part of their regimen.

Role of NR and NMN in NAD+ Synthesis

Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) are precursors in the biosynthetic pathways leading to the production of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+), an essential coenzyme in cellular metabolism. These two compounds play crucial roles, especially for healthcare professionals focusing on anti-aging interventions and metabolic health.

NR in NAD+ Synthesis

Nicotinamide Riboside is converted into NAD+ through a two-step process:

1. NR Kinase Pathway:
   • NR is phosphorylated by nicotinamide riboside kinase (NRK) to form NMN.
   • NMN is then adenylated to NAD+ by NMN adenylyltransferase (NMNAT).

NMN in NAD+ Synthesis

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, as an intermediate, undergoes a single-step conversion:

1. NMN De Novo Synthesis:
   • NMN is directly converted into NAD+ by NMNAT, skipping the initial phosphorylation step required by NR.

Comparative Efficiency

• Bioavailability:
  • Both NR and NMN efficiently cross cell membranes, but NMN is considered to enter cells directly, possibly making it a more immediate NAD+ booster.
• Conversion Rate:
  • The rate at which NR and NMN are converted to NAD+ can vary based on tissue type and enzyme availability.
  • Studies suggest NMN may have a more rapid conversion in certain tissues, potentially offering a quicker energy boost.

Therapeutic Applications

• NAD Boosters:
  • Both NR and NMN are explored as NAD nasal sprays and oral supplements to enhance NAD+ levels.
• Sleep Support:
  • NR and NMN may influence circadian rhythms and improve sleep quality, prompting their inclusion in sleep capsules.

Summary of Mechanisms

• Enzymatic Pathways:
  • NR requires phosphorylation before entering the NMN intermediate stage, while NMN directly contributes to NAD+ synthesis.
• Cellular Uptake:
  • NMN’s direct uptake pathway might confer advantages in specific scenarios where rapid NAD+ replenishment is required.

Their mechanistic pathways uncover essential insights, impacting both research and practical application in the domain of lifespan extension.

Clinical Studies and Research on NR and NMN

Clinical studies and research into Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) have been pivotal in understanding their roles as NAD+ boosters. These compounds have shown potential in promoting lifespan extension, supporting healthy aging, and improving various physiological functions, including sleep patterns, which are often addressed by sleep capsules.

Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)

Several clinical trials have explored the efficacy of NR:

1. First-in-Human Studies: Early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated that NR is a safe and effective NAD+ precursor. It increases NAD+ levels in a dose-dependent manner without significant adverse effects.
2. Metabolic Health: NR has been shown to improve markers of metabolic health. Studies indicate benefits such as enhanced insulin sensitivity, decreased liver fat, and improved mitochondrial function.
3. Neuroprotection: Research on NR supplementation indicates potential neuroprotective effects. This includes safeguarding against neurodegenerative conditions and enhancing cognitive function.
4. Physical Performance: NR has been observed to improve muscle function, cardiovascular health, and exercise performance by increasing NAD+ levels.

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)

NMN has also been the subject of extensive research, with notable findings:

1. Longevity Studies: Animal studies show that NMN can extend lifespan by activating sirtuins, proteins associated with cellular health and metabolism.
2. Cardiovascular Health: Clinical studies suggest NMN helps in maintaining cardiovascular function by enhancing NAD+ levels, which supports endothelial function and reduces arterial aging.
3. Muscle and Organ Health: NMN supplementation has been linked to improved muscle strength, organ function, and energy metabolism. These benefits are critical for aging populations.
4. Neuroprotection: Like NR, NMN shows promise in neuroprotective capacities. It has demonstrated the ability to improve neuronal function and cognitive health.

Innovative NAD+ Delivery Systems

Emerging technologies such as NAD nasal sprays exhibit promising results by ensuring rapid elevation of NAD+ levels. These innovative delivery methods could enhance the efficacy of NR and NMN supplements by offering more efficient absorption and bioavailability.

Summary for Healthcare Professionals

For healthcare professionals, understanding these studies is crucial. They offer insights into dosing, long-term effects, and potential therapeutic applications. Incorporating NAD boosters like NR and NMN can be part of a broader strategy for promoting healthy aging and mitigating age-related diseases.

Practical Applications: Supplements and Diets

In the ongoing quest to extend human lifespan, healthcare professionals focus on various interventions, including NR (Nicotinamide Riboside) and NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) supplements. As powerful NAD boosters, both compounds have gained popularity in integrative medicine. This section explores how they are practically applied through supplements and diets.

NR and NMN Supplements

1. Forms Available:

   • Oral Capsules: Widely accessible and convenient, these formulations are designed to be taken with water. They are often incorporated into daily health regimens.
   • NAD Nasal Spray: An emerging form, nasal sprays aim to deliver NR or NMN directly to the brain, potentially enhancing their effectiveness.
   • Transdermal Patches: These patches release NR or NMN through the skin, providing a steady absorption rate.

2. Brands and Products:

   • Numerous brands offer NR and NMN supplements. Commonly known names include Tru Niagen, Elysium Basis, and ProHealth Longevity.
   • NAD nasal spray products are being developed by various firms focusing on cognitive enhancement.

3. Combination with Other Supplements:

   • Many prefer combining NR and NMN with sleep capsules to promote better rest, crucial for physical and mental recovery.
   • Some products are formulated with additional antioxidants and vitamins to maximize the anti-aging benefits.

Dietary Sources and Complementary Diets

• Foods Rich in Precursors: Certain dietary choices support the natural production of NAD+:

  • Dairy and Fish: Milk and fish are excellent sources of tryptophan, a precursor to NAD+.
  • Vegetables: Foods like broccoli and cucumbers contain NMN naturally.
  • Whole Grains: Consuming whole grains can support NAD+ production.

• Nutritional Strategies:

  • Caloric Restriction: Limited intake of calories has been shown to boost NAD+ levels, mimicking the effects of NR and NMN supplements.
  • Intermittent Fasting: This eating pattern, marked by alternating periods of fasting and eating, can also enhance NAD metabolism.

By focusing on these practical applications, individuals can consider integrating NR and NMN into their daily wellness routines, subject to professional advice.

Public and Expert Opinions on NR and NMN

In exploring the public and expert opinions on Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), various perspectives emerge, particularly in the realms of effectiveness, safety, and practicality. For healthcare professionals, evaluating these compounds is crucial for providing sound advisories to their patients.

Public Opinions

Enthusiastic Users

1. Health Optimization: Many users believe that NR and NMN supplements significantly boost their NAD+ levels, enhancing overall well-being and energy.
2. Cognitive Benefits: Several consumers report noticeable improvements in cognitive function and mental clarity after using NR and NMN.
3. Anti-Aging: A segment of users strongly believes in the anti-aging properties of these supplements, crediting them for rejuvenating skin and physical vitality.

Skeptics

1. Efficacy Doubts: Some individuals remain skeptical about the reported benefits, questioning the scientific backing and long-term safety of these compounds.
2. Cost Concerns: Due to the high cost of premium NAD boosters, there are concerns about the overall cost-benefit ratio.

Expert Opinions

Benefits Highlighted

1. Scientific Advocates: Some researchers highlight their potential in increasing cellular NAD+ levels, thereby supporting metabolic health and longevity.
2. Potential Applications: Experts see promise in the compounds for use in NAD nasal sprays and other delivery mechanisms to maximize absorption and efficacy.

Areas of Caution

1. Limited Clinical Evidence: While early research is promising, experts stress the need for more extensive, long-term clinical trials to fully understand the implications.
2. Dosage and Safety: Professionals emphasize the importance of appropriate dosing and long-term safety, particularly when combined with other supplements like sleep capsules.

Blockbust-quote:

“The mechanisms of NR and NMN are undoubtedly intriguing, yet we must be vigilant about overstating their benefits without solid, wide-scale clinical evidence,” states a notable researcher in the field.

Overall, the discourse surrounding NR and NMN remains dynamic, with evolving insights from both the public and scientific community shaping their use and perceived value.

Concluding Thoughts on Lifespan Extension with NR and NMN

NAD+ levels naturally decline with age, leading researchers and healthcare professionals to explore nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) as potential NAD boosters. Both NR and NMN have been studied for their efficacy in extending lifespan and improving overall health.

Efficacy and Safety Studies

Numerous studies have explored the efficacy and safety of NR and NMN. Key findings indicate:

• NR:
  • Increases NAD+ levels effectively.
  • Generally well-tolerated with a good safety profile.
• NMN:
  • Similarly boosts NAD+ levels.
  • Demonstrates benefits in metabolic health and improved physical endurance.

Practical Applications for Healthcare Professionals

Healthcare professionals may consider the following when advising patients:

• NAD Boosters: Evaluate the suitability of NR and NMN based on individual health profiles and potential benefits.
• Sleep Capsules: Investigate complementary supplements such as sleep capsules to enhance the overall wellness regimen.
• Delivery Mechanisms: NAD nasal spray offers an alternative delivery method for patients who may have difficulties with oral supplements.

Ongoing Research and Future Implications

Research continues to delve into the long-term effects and dosage optimization of NR and NMN:

1. Human Studies: More robust data from longitudinal human studies are needed to confirm preliminary findings from animal models.
2. Mechanisms of Action: Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms will enhance the understanding of how NR and NMN extend lifespan.
3. Combinational Therapies: Investigating the synergy between NR, NMN, and other potential longevity interventions could provide holistic approaches to aging.

Considerations for Further Inquiry

For those engaged in the field, the following questions merit further exploration:

• How do genetic factors influence individual responses to NR and NMN?
• What are the potential long-term side effects of sustained use of these compounds?
• Can lifestyle modifications enhance the efficacy of NR and NMN?

By addressing these questions, the healthcare community can better understand the full spectrum of benefits and limitations associated with these promising NAD+ precursors. Although not a definitive solution to aging, NR and NMN present valuable tools in the pursuit of lifespan extension and overall health optimization.