Increase Focus and Energy Naturally with NAD+ Nasal Spray

Introduction to NAD+ and Its Role in the Body

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme that exists in every living cell and plays a pivotal role in numerous physiological processes. It is integral to energy production within the body, as it facilitates critical reactions within mitochondria—the cell’s powerhouse—where energy molecules in the form of ATP are produced. NAD+ supports cellular metabolism, ensuring sustained energy levels for optimal performance in daily activities.

NAD+ also acts as a powerful NAD booster by assisting in the repair of damaged DNA and supporting cellular health, which is vital for maintaining clarity and focus. This coenzyme is a significant contributor to redox reactions, where it alternates between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms to control biochemical energy flow. Consequently, NAD+ is essential not only for energy but also for combating oxidative stress and supporting longevity.

The availability of solutions like NAD nasal spray offers a modern, targeted method to elevate NAD+ levels, potentially improving mental clarity, focus, and overall energy. Such formulations often accompany complementary elements like glutathione nasal spray, theanine nasal spray GABA, and energy support vitamin B12, collectively amplifying the benefits of NAD+ by targeting additional pathways in the brain and body.

Medicinal mushrooms, such as lion’s mane and reishi mushroom blend, provide another synergistic approach to health optimization. For enhanced energy and cognitive focus, combinations like mushroom cocoa with cordyceps and lions mane further promote sustainable energy and mental clarity. These natural compounds work in harmony with NAD+ to support mitochondrial function, elevate focus, and improve resilience.

By enhancing NAD+ levels, individuals can achieve enhanced energy via targeted solutions that integrate the benefits of science-backed supplements naturally sourced from medicinal and nutritional elements alike.

Understanding the Science Behind NAD+ and Cellular Energy

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a vital coenzyme found in every cell of the body, playing a critical role in cellular energy production and overall metabolic health. Acting as a molecular powerhouse, NAD+ facilitates the conversion of nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency utilized by cells. Without sufficient NAD+, energy production declines, leading to reduced focus, mental clarity, and vitality.

As individuals age or experience oxidative stress, NAD+ levels naturally decrease, compromising the efficiency of mitochondrial function—the process responsible for producing ATP. This decline can result in fatigue, brain fog, and diminished energy reserves. NAD nasal sprays and other NAD+ boosters offer innovative solutions by helping restore these diminished levels. Unique delivery methods, such as nasal sprays, allow NAD+ to bypass digestive breakdown, providing quicker absorption and enhanced bioavailability.

NAD+ facilitates numerous enzymatic reactions essential for cellular repair, including the activation of sirtuins, proteins linked to aging, DNA repair, and inflammation control. Additionally, pairing NAD+ therapies with supportive compounds like energy support Vitamin B12, glutathione nasal spray, or adaptogenic blends, such as reishi mushroom blend and energy support cordyceps mushroom, may amplify cellular resilience and energy production synergistically.

For mental clarity, supplements like theanine nasal spray GABA, lion’s mane medicinal mushrooms, and mushroom cocoa blends containing lion’s mane and cordyceps enhance cognitive function while promoting a calm, focused state. These supplements complement NAD+ by addressing neurotransmitter balance and oxidative stress for full-spectrum neuroprotection.

Transitions to natural, science-backed solutions like NAD boosters emphasize a targeted approach to optimize energy, repair cellular damage, and combat the effects of aging. Combined with the body’s inherent capacity for rejuvenation, interventions such as NAD nasal spray and related supplementation may effectively sustain long-term vitality.

How NAD+ Levels Impact Focus, Energy, and Cognitive Function

NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a critical coenzyme found in all living cells, playing an integral role in energy production, DNA repair, and overall cellular health. Maintaining optimal NAD+ levels is directly tied to mental clarity, physical energy, and cognitive performance. As individuals seek natural ways to support these functions, products like NAD nasal spray and NAD boosters have emerged as highly effective solutions.

A decline in NAD+ levels is associated with diminished mitochondrial function, leading to fatigue, brain fog, and impaired focus. By sustaining or elevating NAD+ through targeted methods like nasal sprays, the body can more effectively produce cellular energy (ATP), delivering a noticeable boost in vitality and mental sharpness. Enhanced NAD+ levels positively influence the body’s ability to combat oxidative stress, further aiding focus, energy, and resilience during mental tasks.

Nutritional and supplemental adjuncts often complement NAD+ therapies to maximize cognitive and physical support. Ingredients such as energy support vitamin B12, theanine nasal spray GABA, and glutathione nasal spray contribute to reducing stress-induced cognitive decline. Additionally, lion’s mane medicinal mushrooms, known for their neuroprotective properties, and highly regarded blends incorporating mushroom cocoa with lion’s mane and cordyceps mushrooms, provide energy and clarity. The potent adaptogenic qualities of reishi mushroom blends and energy-support cordyceps mushrooms synergize with NAD+ to further boost mental capacity.

These mechanisms emphasize how NAD+ restores balance in the brain and body, ensuring sustained energy and heightened cognitive function. By relieving metabolic strain and promoting neurotransmitter efficiency, NAD+ supplements, enhanced with supportive compounds, offer a promising approach to maintaining focus and energy naturally in day-to-day life.

Traditional Methods to Boost NAD+ Levels

Traditional approaches to enhancing NAD+ levels focus on lifestyle modifications, dietary choices, and natural supplementation. These methods have been employed to support energy production, maintain mental clarity, and sustain healthy cellular function, complementing the benefits offered by innovative solutions like NAD nasal spray.

Diet and NAD+ Precursors

Certain foods naturally contain or promote NAD+ precursors, such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). Including a diet rich in lean proteins, nuts, seeds, leafy greens, and whole grains can supply nutrients necessary for NAD+ production. Additionally, foods like mushroom cocoa containing Lion’s Mane and Cordyceps have gained recognition for their energy support properties, adding functional benefits to overall cellular health.

Exercise and Energy Metabolism

Regular physical activity is a proven NAD booster. Exercise stimulates sirtuins, a family of proteins that rely on NAD+ to function. Activities like aerobic exercise and resistance training improve energy metabolism, ensuring sustainable cellular performance. Pairing exercise with energy support options like Vitamin B12 or glutathione nasal spray may amplify these natural benefits.

Fasting and Caloric Restriction

Intermittent fasting and caloric restriction enhance NAD+ levels by activating enzymes involved in NAD+ synthesis, such as NAMPT. These dietary patterns trigger metabolic pathways that promote energy efficiency and longevity. Combining these practices with supplements like theanine nasal spray or GABA can enhance relaxation during fasting periods.

The Role of Medicinal Mushrooms

Medicinal mushrooms such as Reishi, Lion’s Mane, and Cordyceps support overall wellness while indirectly promoting NAD+ production. Their adaptogenic properties aid in managing stress and improving focus. A reishi mushroom blend, for instance, aligns well with broader efforts to enhance energy and clarity naturally.

Sleep and Circadian Rhythm

Adequate sleep is critical for maintaining NAD+ homeostasis. A well-regulated circadian rhythm supports optimal cellular repair and energy production. Pairing quality rest with supplements like mushroom cocoa (with Cordyceps) or a Lion’s Mane infusion may contribute to overall vitality.

What Is NAD+ Nasal Spray? A Comprehensive Overview

NAD+ nasal spray is a cutting-edge wellness solution formulated to deliver nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) directly into the bloodstream through nasal absorption. NAD+ is a vital coenzyme involved in cellular energy production, DNA repair, and metabolic regulation. By bypassing the digestive system, nasal sprays offer a fast-acting and efficient delivery method, enhancing the body’s natural energy support and focus.

This type of nasal spray is often marketed as an NAD booster, specifically aimed at individuals seeking to boost mental clarity, elevate energy levels, and support cognitive health. Unlike oral supplements that may lose potency during digestion, NAD+ nasal spray ensures higher bioavailability, providing more immediate results. The product’s benefits are frequently compared to other focus and energy enhancers, such as energy support vitamin B12 and glutathione nasal spray, both of which are known for promoting cellular health and combating oxidative stress.

Formulations may also include synergistic compounds derived from medicinal mushrooms, such as lion’s mane and cordyceps. These ingredients are known for their nootropic and adaptogenic properties, promoting enhanced focus, cognitive performance, and endurance. Mushroom cocoa with lion’s mane and cordyceps is another popular combination seen in wellness products for its energizing and stress-supportive effects. Some versions may also integrate calming agents, like theanine nasal spray infused with GABA, to balance energy with relaxation.

The inclusion of reishi mushroom blends adds immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, making NAD+ nasal spray a comprehensive solution for modern wellness needs. When combined strategically, these elements help address fatigue, brain fog, and overall energy support, delivering a multifaceted approach to enhancing wellness.

The Mechanism: How NAD+ Nasal Spray Works

NAD+ nasal spray functions as a direct and efficient delivery system for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a coenzyme critical to cellular energy production and repair. Unlike traditional oral supplements, nasal sprays utilize the rich network of blood vessels in the nasal cavity to rapidly absorb nutrients, bypassing the digestive system for faster bioavailability. This unique delivery system promotes quick energy support and enhances focus, making it an ideal NAD booster for individuals seeking mental clarity and sustained vitality.

At a cellular level, NAD+ plays a pivotal role in energy metabolism by acting as a bridge in redox reactions, helping convert food into usable cellular energy. This energy production directly correlates with the brain’s functionality and focus levels. The spray’s targeted design ensures that the NAD+ molecule directly reaches critical areas without degradation, maximizing its benefits in brain health and energy regulation.

Incorporating complementary ingredients, such as glutathione in forms like glutathione nasal spray, enhances detoxification and combats oxidative stress. Additionally, medicinal mushrooms like lions mane and reishi mushroom blends support cognitive enhancement. The inclusion of adaptogens like cordyceps mushroom also aids stamina and energy. Those looking for comprehensive energy support may pair NAD+ nasal spray with energy support vitamin B12 and blends like mushroom cocoa lions mane cordyceps for synergistic effects.

Lastly, stress balance is addressed through ingredients such as theanine nasal spray and gaba, promoting relaxation without drowsiness. Taken together, this composition of advanced bioactives ensures robust mental clarity and energy support for individuals aiming to enhance their daily performance naturally.

Key Benefits of Using NAD+ Nasal Spray for Focus and Energy

The use of NAD+ nasal spray has gained attention as an innovative and effective approach to enhancing mental clarity and physical energy. Loaded with powerful NAD+ boosters and complementary compounds, this delivery mechanism supports various cognitive and physiological benefits.

1. Enhanced Mental Clarity and Cognitive Function

The NAD+ nasal spray directly targets the brain, offering superior absorption compared to traditional oral supplements. As an essential coenzyme for cellular energy production, NAD+ supports optimal brain function, helping individuals maintain sharp focus and improved memory. Ingredients such as mushroom cocoa with Lion’s Mane and Cordyceps medicinal mushrooms are often complemented in formulations, reinforcing the benefits with their proven nootropic properties.

2. Increased Cellular Energy Production

NAD+ is central to the mitochondrial process, facilitating energy generation at the cellular level. This makes the nasal spray an effective energy support tool, especially for those experiencing fatigue or needing sustained vitality. The addition of vitamin B12 and compounds like glutathione nasal spray further enhances energy and antioxidant capacity, promoting overall cellular health and stamina.

3. Stress Reduction and Calmness

Stress often hinders focus and energy. Many NAD+ nasal sprays include adaptogenic ingredients like reishi mushroom blends, theanine nasal spray, or GABA, which regulate stress responses and promote relaxation. These additions allow users to reduce mental strain while maintaining a calm yet alert state.

4. Rapid Bioavailability and Convenience

Unlike capsules or powders, NAD+ administered nasally absorbs quickly into the bloodstream, offering immediate benefits. This fast action is particularly favorable for individuals seeking instant support in demanding situations. The convenience of portable sprays also makes maintaining focus and energy effortless, even on the go.

By addressing cognitive enhancement, energy production, stress management, and ease of use, NAD+ nasal spray presents itself as a versatile and practical solution for natural focus and energy optimization.

Safety and Side Effects: What You Need to Know

NAD+ nasal spray, alongside other formulations like glutathione nasal spray or theanine nasal spray GABA, is growing in popularity as a natural tool for enhancing focus, supporting energy, and improving clarity. While the benefits of NAD+ boosters and ingredients like energy-support vitamins and adaptogenic medicinal mushrooms such as lion’s mane, cordyceps, and reishi mushroom blends are increasingly studied, it is essential to understand their safety profile and potential side effects.

Nasal sprays, including those aimed at energy support with NAD+ and vitamin B12, are generally well-tolerated by most individuals. However, users may occasionally experience mild nasal dryness or irritation. This is particularly relevant for those using such sprays frequently, as the nasal tissues can become sensitive over time. For those trying new formulas like mushroom cocoa with lion’s mane and cordyceps or reishi mushroom products, allergic reactions, although uncommon, should be taken into consideration.

Understanding the origin and purity of ingredients is crucial. Products combining NAD+ with potent adaptogens like cordyceps mushroom or lion’s mane should ideally be lab-verified for purity to minimize contamination risks. Additionally, ingredients like theanine or GABA pose low risks but could cause mild drowsiness or relaxation effects, which typically subside quickly.

It’s important to note that individuals with pre-existing medical conditions, such as chronic respiratory issues, should consult a healthcare professional before incorporating NAD+ nasal sprays or any related products into their regimen. Similarly, people using supplements such as glutathione nasal spray, or those looking for significant energy support, must be cautious about combining multiple energy boosters without guidance, as this may lead to overstimulation.

For most users, sticking to recommended dosages ensures minimized side effects and maximized benefits. Transitioning to more natural forms of cognitive and energy support can be rewarding, provided proper safety considerations are met.

Comparing NAD+ Nasal Spray to Other NAD+ Supplements

NAD+ nasal spray is an increasingly popular option for individuals looking to enhance energy and focus naturally, offering a unique delivery method compared to traditional NAD+ supplements. While capsules, powders, and IV infusions are well-known NAD+ boosters, nasal sprays stand out for their faster absorption and potential for a more immediate effect. They bypass the digestive system, delivering NAD+ directly through the nasal mucosa, a feature especially advantageous for those seeking quick energy support or mental clarity.

Capsules and powders, though widely available, rely on the digestive process, which may reduce overall bioavailability. In contrast, NAD+ nasal sprays avoid this pathway, allowing users to experience benefits like improved focus and sustained energy more efficiently. When paired with additional compounds like theanine nasal spray, the calming effects of GABA support can further enhance concentration and balance energy levels.

Intravenous drips, often administered in clinical settings, are another effective NAD+ delivery method. However, these require significant time, cost, and professional oversight, unlike nasal sprays, which provide convenience and accessibility for daily use. Additionally, combining NAD+ nasal sprays with complementary ingredients, such as energy support vitamin B12 or medicinal mushrooms like cordyceps and lion’s mane, adds a multidimensional approach to overall wellness. Mushroom cocoa blends featuring reishi or cordyceps can also complement NAD+ supplementation by supporting immune function and sustained energy.

Comparatively, glutathione nasal spray is another tool for detoxification and inflammation management, yet it serves different but synergistic purposes when paired with NAD+ therapies. The most suitable supplement ultimately depends on individual goals; however, for those prioritizing convenience, swift effects, and enhanced focus, NAD+ nasal spray offers distinct advantages over other options. These factors, alongside its combination potential with products like lion’s mane or reishi mushroom blends, make it a versatile choice for energy and cognitive support.

Tips for Integrating NAD+ Nasal Spray into Your Daily Routine

Incorporating NAD+ nasal spray into a daily schedule can enhance energy, support focus, and promote overall well-being. By developing consistent habits, users can maximize its benefits and pair it effectively with other natural remedies like energy support vitamin B12 or mushroom cocoa blends made with Lion’s Mane and Cordyceps mushrooms.

Start with a Consistent Schedule

Choose a specific time each day to use NAD+ nasal spray. Morning application is often preferred, as it aligns with peak energy demands and promotes mental clarity throughout the day. Pairing NAD+ nasal spray with other morning supplements, such as a theanine nasal spray, GABA, or glutathione nasal spray, can optimize focus and support cognitive function.

Prepare a Restful Environment

For optimal absorption, use NAD+ nasal spray after clearing the nasal passages. This ensures effective delivery and utilization of the NAD+ booster benefits. Consider coupling this habit with mindfulness or breathwork practices, both of which can enhance focus and complement NAD+ energy support.

Combine Complementary Supplements

Blend NAD+ nasal spray into a strategic daily supplement routine. Pairing it with energy support vitamin B12 can amplify energy, while adding Lion’s Mane medicinal mushrooms or a reishi mushroom blend offers further cognitive support. Mushroom cocoa with Cordyceps can provide a natural boost for physical vitality and stamina, creating a well-rounded approach to daily energy needs.

Use Before Mentally Demanding Activities

Apply NAD+ nasal spray before tasks requiring sustained focus, like work sessions, studying, or creative endeavors. This preemptive strategy enhances mental clarity and sharpens concentration naturally, eliminating reliance on stimulants.

Stay Hydrated and Balanced

Consistent NAD+ nasal spray use works best alongside hydration and balanced nutrition. Maintaining physical wellness by hydrating, eating nutrient-dense foods, and practicing healthy sleep habits amplifies the spray’s inherent energy-boosting and brain-supportive properties.

Integrating NAD+ nasal spray into a structured routine, supported by complementary natural elements like Cordyceps mushrooms, glutathione, or energy-boosting nutrients, builds a sustainable foundation for achieving mental and physical vitality.

Diet and Lifestyle Practices to Complement NAD+ Supplementation

To maximize the benefits of NAD nasal spray and other NAD+ boosters, adopting targeted dietary and lifestyle practices is essential. These complementary strategies enhance cellular energy production, mental clarity, and overall vitality by supporting NAD+ metabolism and promoting overall well-being.

Nutrient-Rich Diet

A well-balanced, nutrient-dense diet helps sustain the body’s natural NAD+ levels. Incorporating foods rich in vitamins and minerals such as niacin (Vitamin B3) is particularly beneficial. Sources like turkey, salmon, peanuts, and leafy greens provide essential precursors for NAD+ synthesis. Protein intake should not be overlooked, as amino acids support energy production and neurotransmitter function, amplifying the effectiveness of energy support supplements like Vitamin B12 and theanine nasal spray GABA formulas.

Medicinal mushrooms such as Lion’s Mane, Cordyceps, and Reishi can further complement NAD+ supplementation by supporting cognitive clarity, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing energy levels. Preparing a mushroom cocoa blend with Lion’s Mane and Cordyceps mushrooms or incorporating a Reishi mushroom blend into daily meals can enhance focus and stamina naturally.

Consistent Hydration

Adequate hydration contributes to optimal metabolic processes, including NAD+ recycling. Water-rich foods like cucumbers, watermelon, and citrus fruits, paired with regular water intake, ensure cellular processes function efficiently.

Regular Physical Activity

Exercise is a natural NAD+ booster, as it stimulates mitochondria and enhances cellular energy production. Activities like aerobic exercises, yoga, or resistance training not only elevate NAD+ levels but also improve focus and energy, complementing the effects of NAD nasal sprays and energy support vitamin B12 supplements.

Stress Management

Techniques such as mindfulness meditation, deep breathing, or yoga support NAD+ levels by reducing oxidative stress. Supplements like theanine nasal spray with GABA can further alleviate daily stress and promote relaxation, amplifying mental clarity.

Healthy Sleep Patterns

Sound sleep supports cellular repair and conserves NAD+ reserves. Maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, free from disruptions, enhances the body’s natural restorative processes to pair seamlessly with NAD+ products like glutathione nasal spray.

By integrating these dietary and lifestyle practices, individuals can reinforce their body’s energy systems and cognitive function, aligning perfectly with NAD+ supplementation.

Real-Life Success Stories: Enhancing Productivity Naturally

For countless individuals, the integration of NAD+ nasal spray and other natural nootropics has become a cornerstone in revitalizing focus and energy. Professionals from diverse fields have shared how these tools—such as NAD+ booster sprays, glutathione nasal sprays, and energy support supplements—have dramatically influenced their daily performance.

A software engineer working in a high-paced startup environment described how the use of NAD nasal spray brought about significant changes in her cognitive clarity and energy levels. She found that pairing it with energy support vitamin B12 and a mushroom cocoa blend featuring Lion’s Mane and Cordyceps mushrooms helped her reduce midday energy slumps. The enhanced mental sharpness and lasting focus allowed her to tackle coding challenges more effectively.

Another notable account comes from a healthcare professional managing long shifts at a busy hospital. Overwhelmed by fatigue, she turned to a blend of reishi mushroom capsules and NAD boosters. Coupled with regular use of theanine nasal spray with GABA, she reported improved sleep quality and a more balanced emotional state. This combination, she noted, created a holistic approach to managing both physical and mental exhaustion, enabling her to stay alert throughout her demanding schedule.

A graphic designer attributed improved creativity and output to using Lion’s Mane medicinal mushrooms along with glutathione nasal sprays. These natural compounds allowed her to think more innovatively while maintaining high energy levels. By incorporating Cordyceps mushroom blends, she also experienced stamina boosts that made long design sessions less draining.

Through personal testimonies, it’s clear that blending tools like NAD nasal sprays, medicinal mushroom supplements, and energy support solutions fosters productivity enhancements without compromising natural well-being. These real stories shed light on the broad application of these innovative wellness tools.

Current Research and the Future Potential of NAD+ Therapies

Current research into NAD+ therapies has uncovered a wealth of potential benefits for individuals seeking natural ways to enhance focus, energy, and overall well-being. NAD+ nasal spray, a cutting-edge delivery system, has become a topic of interest due to its ability to rapidly deliver NAD+ to the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system. This method provides a fast and effective boost to cellular energy production, making it an innovative option for energy support and mental clarity.

In complement to NAD+ research, studies have explored the synergistic effects of combining NAD boosters with other natural compounds. Ingredients such as Cordyceps mushroom and Lion’s Mane medicinal mushrooms are of particular interest for their ability to enhance energy levels and cognitive function. These mushrooms, often included in supplements like mushroom cocoa blends with Lion’s Mane and Cordyceps, may work alongside NAD+ therapies to maximize brain and energy support.

Additionally, the integration of glutathione nasal spray has been correlated with improved cellular detoxification and oxidative stress reduction. Researchers have suggested that glutathione, when paired with NAD+ nasal sprays, may support healthier aging and recovery processes at a cellular level. Theanine nasal sprays and formulations featuring GABA are also under investigation for promoting relaxation and focus without compromising energy levels.

Advancing research continuously examines the role of energy support compounds, including Vitamin B12, in fortifying the effects of NAD+ treatments. Reishi mushroom blends, often studied for their adaptogenic properties, are being evaluated for their potential to stabilize energy fluctuations and support long-term vitality. With ongoing studies, NAD+ therapies and complementary ingredients hold promising avenues for enhancing natural energy and focus. Researchers remain optimistic about the applications of this approach across broader health contexts.

Conclusion: Unlocking Peak Performance with NAD+ Nasal Spray

The potential of NAD+ nasal spray to naturally enhance focus and energy presents a breakthrough in wellness optimization. Acting as a powerful NAD booster, it supports cellular rejuvenation and energy production by providing an efficient delivery of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. This supplement is designed to help users achieve mental clarity and physical vitality, addressing a pressing need for non-invasive solutions to combat fatigue and brain fog. By engaging directly in mitochondrial function, it facilitates the body’s intrinsic energy generation processes.

To further support cognitive and physical performance, synergistic ingredients such as energy support cordyceps mushroom and mushroom cocoa lions mane cordyceps hold transformative potential. Lions mane medicinal mushrooms, known for promoting brain plasticity and memory, and reishi mushroom blends, which support relaxation and immune health, can amplify the effectiveness of NAD+ nasal spray therapies. Additionally, glutathione nasal spray complements the benefits of NAD+ by helping detoxify the system and reducing oxidative stress.

Energy support vitamin B12 and theanine nasal spray with GABA are also instrumental in bolstering the body’s natural energy reserves and cultivating a calm mental state. By working together in a targeted manner, these components provide holistic benefits that address both cognitive and physical needs.

NAD+ nasal spray offers a cutting-edge approach for those seeking to elevate their overall well-being. With its seamless integration into wellness routines and partnerships with scientific allies like medicinal mushrooms and glutathione, it harnesses a natural strategy for unlocking peak performance at a cellular level.